I te mea kei te piki haere tonu te kaha o te whakamahine o te ao, kei te kaha haere ngā paerewa hua hinu, me te piki haere tonu o te hiahia mō ngā rauemi mata matū, kei te piki haere tonu te whakamahinga o ngā whakakorikori whakamahine. I roto i ēnei, ko te tipu tere rawa atu kei roto i ngā ōhanga hou me ngā whenua whakawhanake.
Nā te rerekētanga o ngā rauemi mata, ngā hua me ngā hanganga taputapu o ia whare whakarewa, mā te whakamahi i ngā whakakōkī kua arotahi ake ki te tiki i te hua, i ngā rauemi mata matū rānei e tika ana, mā te whiriwhiri i ngā whakakōkī he pai ake te urutau, te whiriwhiri rānei, ka taea te whakaoti i ngā raruraru matua o ngā whare whakarewa me ngā taputapu rerekē.
I ngā tau tata nei, i Āhia me te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, i Āwherika me te Rawhiti o Waenganui, ko te nui o te whakamahinga me te tere tipu o ngā whakakorikori katoa, tae atu ki te whakamahine, te whakapūhui, te hanga matū, me ētahi atu, he teitei ake i ērā o ngā rohe whakawhanake i Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika.
Ā tōna wā, ko te whānui haere o te hauwaitanga penehīni te mea nui rawa atu, ā, whai muri ko te hauwaitanga waenga-whakarewa, te FCC, te isomerization, te hydrocracking, te hauwaitanga naphtha, te hauwaitanga hinu taumaha (hinu toenga), te alkylation (superposition), te reforming, me ētahi atu, ā, ka piki ake anō hoki te hiahia mō ngā whakakorikori e rite ana.
Heoi, nā te rerekētanga o ngā huringa whakamahinga o ngā momo whakakorikori hinu, kāore e taea te whakanui ake i te nui o ngā whakakorikori hinu ina whānui haere te kaha. E ai ki ngā tatauranga hoko mākete, ko te nuinga o ngā hoko ko ngā whakakorikori hauwai (hydrotreating me te hydrocracking, e 46% o te katoa), ā, whai muri ko ngā whakakorikori FCC (40%), ā, whai muri ko ngā whakakorikori whakahou (8%), ngā whakakorikori alkylation (5%) me ētahi atu (1%).
Anei ngā āhuatanga matua o ngā whakakorikori mai i ētahi kamupene rongonui o te ao:
1. Ngā Toki
I whakatūria a Axens i te 30 o Hune, 2001, nā te hanumitanga o te tari whakawhiti hangarau o te Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP) me te Procatalyse Catalysts and Additives.
He hinonga motuhake a Axens e whakamahi ana i te tata ki te 70 tau o te wheako rangahau me te whanaketanga me ngā whakatutukitanga ahumahi o te French Institute of Petroleum Research hei whakahaere i te raihana tukanga, te hoahoa tipu me ngā ratonga e pā ana, me te whakarato hua (ngā kaiwhakaoho me ngā adsorbents) mō te whakamahine, ngā matū hinu me te hanga hau.
Ko te nuinga o ngā whakakorikori me ngā mea mimiti a Axens e hokohokohia ana ki Amerika Te Raki me Ūropi.
He whānuitanga katoa o ngā whakakōkī a te kamupene, kei roto i ēnei ko ngā whakakōkī moenga tiaki, ngā rauemi whakarōpū, ngā whakakōkī hydrotreating distillate, ngā whakakōkī hydrotreating toenga, ngā whakakōkī hydrocracking, ngā whakakōkī whakaora whanariki (Claus), ngā whakakōkī maimoatanga hau hiku, ngā whakakōkī hydrogenation (hydrogenation, Prime-G+ process catalysts me ngā whakakōkī hydrogenation whiriwhiri), ngā whakakōkī reforming me te isomerization (reforming catalysts, isomerization) Catalysts), ngā wahie koiora me ētahi atu whakakōkī motuhake me ngā whakakōkī Fischer-Tropsch, ngā whakakōkī olefin dimerization, e whakarato ana hoki i ngā adsorbents, neke atu i te 150 ngā momo katoa.
2. LyondellBasell
Kei Rotterdam, Netherlands te tari matua o Lyondellbasell.
I whakatūria i te Hakihea 2007, ko Basel te kaihanga polyolefin nui rawa atu o te ao. I hokona e Basell a LyondellChemicals mō te $12.7 piriona hei hanga i te LyondellBasell Industries hou. E whā ngā wāhanga pakihi o te kamupene: Pakihi Wahie, Pakihi Matū, Pakihi Polymer, Hangarau me te Pakihi Rangahau me te Whakawhanake; Neke atu i te 60 ngā wheketere i roto i te 19 whenua, ā, e hokona ana āna hua ki te neke atu i te 100 whenua puta noa i te ao, me te 15,000 ngā kaimahi. I tōna whakatūnga, ko ia te tuatoru o ngā kamupene matū motuhake nui rawa atu o te ao.
Me te arotahi ki te olefin, te polyolefin me ngā hua e pā ana, mā te hoko mai i a Lyander Chemicals ka whānui ake te mahi a te kamupene i roto i ngā matū hinu, ka whakapakari ake i tōna tūranga kaiārahi i roto i te polyolefin, ā, ka whakapakari ake i tōna tūranga i roto i te propylene oxide (PO), ngā hua PO-linked styrene monomer me te methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tae atu ki ngā hua acetyl. Ā, ko ngā hua PO pēnei i te butanediol me te propylene glycol ethers kei te tūranga kaiārahi;
Ko Lyondellbasell Industries tētahi o ngā kamupene polymer, petrochemical me te wahie nui rawa atu o te ao. Ko ia te kaiārahi o te ao i roto i te hangarau, te whakaputa me te mākete polyolefin; Ko ia te paionia o te propylene oxide me ōna hua. He kaihanga nui o te hinu wahie me ōna hua kua parakorehia, tae atu ki ngā wahie koiora;
Ko Lyondellbasell te tuatahi o te ao mō te kaha whakaputa polypropylene me te hanga whakakorikori polypropylene. Ko te tuarua o te ao te kaha whakaputa o te propylene oxide. Ko te tuatoru o te ao te kaha whakaputa polyethylene; ko te tuawhā o te ao mō te kaha whakaputa propylene me te ethylene; ko te tuatahi o te ao mō te kaha whakaputa styrene monomer me te MTBE; ko te 14% o te ao te kaha whakaputa TDI, ko te tuatoru o te ao; ko te 6.51 miriona tana/tau te kaha whakaputa ethylene, ko te tuarua o ngā kaihanga nui rawa atu i Amerika Te Raki; Hei tāpiri, ko LyondellBasell te tuarua o ngā kaihanga o te HDPE me te LDPE i Amerika Te Raki.
E whā ngā whare hanga matū whakakorikori a Lyander Basell Industries, e rua i Tiamana (Ludwig me Frankfurt), kotahi i Itari (Ferrara) me tetahi i Te Hononga o Amerika (Edison, New Jersey). Ko te kamupene te kaiwhakarato matua o te ao mō ngā matū whakakorikori PP, ā, ko āna matū whakakorikori PP e 1/3 o te wahanga mākete o te ao; ko ngā matū whakakorikori PE e 10% o te wahanga mākete o te ao.
3. Johnson Matthey
I whakatūria a Johnson Matthey i te tau 1817, ā, kei Rānana, Ingarangi tōna tari matua. He kaiārahi o te ao a Johnson Matthey i roto i te hangarau rauemi matatau me ngā wāhanga pakihi e toru: Hangarau Taiao, Hua Konganuku Utu Nui, me Matū Pai me ngā Whakakōkī.
Ko ngā mahi matua a te Rōpū ko te hanga i ngā whakakorikori motuka, te hanga i ngā whakakorikori miihini tīhiera taumaha me ā rātou pūnaha whakahaere parahanga, ngā whakakorikori pūtau wahie me ā rātou taputapu, ngā whakakorikori tukanga matū me ā rātou hangarau, te hanga me te hoko i ngā matū pai me ngā wāhanga hohe rongoā, te whakamahine hinu, te tukatuka konganuku utu nui, me te hanga i ngā tae me ngā paninga mō ngā ahumahi karāhe me te uku.
I roto i te umanga whakamahine me te matū, ko te nuinga o ngā waitohu e hangaia ana e Johnson Matthey ko te whakakorikori hanga methanol, te whakakorikori haukini hanga, te whakakorikori whakaputa hauwai, te whakakorikori hauwai, te whakakorikori purenga rauemi mata, te whakakorikori i mua i te tahuritanga, te whakakorikori tahuritanga mamaoa, te whakakorikori tahuritanga pāmahana teitei, te whakakorikori tahuritanga pāmahana iti, te whakakorikori methanation, te whakakorikori deVOC, te whakakorikori tango haunga, me ētahi atu. I tapaina ēnei ko KATALCO, PURASPEC, HYTREAT, PURAVOC, Sponge MetalTM, HYDECAT, SMOPEX, ODORGARD, ACCENT me ētahi atu waitohu.
Ko ngā momo whakakōkī methanol ko: te whakakōkī purenga, te whakakōkī i mua i te tahuritanga, te whakakōkī tahuritanga mamaoa, te whakakōkī tahuritanga wera hau, te whakakōkī tahuritanga rua-wāhanga me te tahuritanga wera-whaiaro, te whakakōkī tahuritanga ātete-whanariki, te whakakōkī hanga methanol.
Ko ngā momo whakakōkī haukini hangai ko: te whakakōkī purenga, te whakakōkī i mua i te tahuritanga, te whakakōkī tahuritanga wāhanga tuatahi, te whakakōkī tahuritanga wāhanga tuarua, te whakakōkī tahuritanga pāmahana-tiketike, te whakakōkī tahuritanga pāmahana-iti, te whakakōkī methanation, te whakakōkī hanga haukini.
Ko ngā momo whakakorikori whakaputa hauwai ko: te whakakorikori purenga, te whakakorikori i mua i te tahuritanga, te whakakorikori tahuritanga mamaoa, te whakakorikori tahuritanga pāmahana-tiketike, te whakakorikori tahuritanga pāmahana-iti, me te whakakorikori methanation.
Ko ngā whakakōkī waitohu PURASPEC ko: te whakakōkī tango-pūkawa, te whakakōkī tango-mercury, te whakakōkī deCOS, te whakakōkī tino-parakore, te whakakōkī wai-whakakōkī.
4. Haldor Topsoe, Tenemāka
I whakatūria a Helder Topso i te tau 1940 e Tākuta Hardetopso, ā, i ēnei rā e tata ana ki te 1,700 ngā tāngata e mahi ana. Kei tata ki Copenhagen, Denmark tōna tari matua, te taiwhanga rangahau matua me te pokapū hangarau;
E whakapau kaha ana te kamupene ki te rangahau pūtaiao, te whakawhanake me te hoko i ngā momo whakakorikori, ā, e uru ana ki te whakawhiti i ngā hangarau patent, me te hangarau me te hanga i ngā pourewa whakakorikori;
Ko te nuinga o ngā mahi a Topsoe he whakaputa i te whakakorikori haukini hangai, te whakakorikori purenga rauemi mata, te whakakorikori motuka, te whakakorikori tahuritanga CO, te whakakorikori mura, te whakakorikori dimethyl ether (DME), te whakakorikori denitrification (DeNOx), te whakakorikori methanation, te whakakorikori methanol, te whakakorikori hinu, te whakakorikori whakahou mamaoa, te whakakorikori waikawa whanariki, me te whakakorikori waikawa whanariki mākū (WSA).
Ko ngā whakakōkī hinu a Topsoe ko te whakakōkī hydrotreating, te whakakōkī hydrocracking me te whakakōkī whakahaere pēhanga. I roto i ēnei, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā whakakōkī hydrotreating ki te hydrotreating naphtha, te hydrotreating hinu, te hydrotreating diesel iti-whāwhā me te ultra-iti-whāwhā hydrotreating me ngā whakakōkī FCC pretreatment e ai ki te whakamahinga o ngā whakakōkī hinu a te kamupene he 44 ngā momo;
E rua ngā wheketere whakaputa matū whakakorikori a Topsoe i Denmark me te Hononga o Amerika, ā, e 24 katoa ngā raina whakaputa.
5. Rōpū INOES
I whakatūria i te tau 1998, ko Ineos Group te tuawhā o ngā kamupene matū nui rawa atu o te ao, ā, he kaihanga ao hoki o ngā matū hinu, ngā matū motuhake me ngā hua hinu, kei Southampton, UK tōna tari matua.
I tīmata te tipu o te Rōpū Ineos i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1990 mā te hoko i ngā rawa ehara i te matua o ētahi atu kamupene, ā, ka uru atu ki ngā tūranga o ngā kaiārahi matū o te ao.
Kei roto i te whānuitanga pakihi a te Rōpū Ineos ngā hua matū hinu, ngā matū motuhake me ngā hua hinu, tae atu ki te ABS, HFC, phenol, acetone, melamine, acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, polystyrene me ētahi atu hua e mau ana i te tūranga ārahi i te mākete o te ao. Ko te PVC, ngā hua whakamomona, VAM, ngā mea whakakotahi PVC, te alpha olefin raina, te ethylene oxide, te formaldehyde me ōna hua, te ethylene, te polyethylene, te penehīni, te diesel, te wahie jet, te hinu wahie ā-iwi me ētahi atu hua kei te tūranga ārahi i te mākete o Ūropi.
I te tau 2005, i hokona e Ineos a Innovene mai i BP, ā, ka uru atu ki te hanga me te hokohoko i ngā whakakorikori. Ko te pakihi whakakorikori a te kamupene nō Ineos Technologies, e whakarato ana i ngā whakakorikori polyolefin, ngā whakakorikori acrylonitrile, ngā whakakorikori maleic anhydride, ngā whakakorikori vinyl me ā rātou otinga hangarau.
Neke atu i te 30 tau te hanga o ngā whakakōkī polyolefin, e whakarato ana i ngā whakakōkī, ngā ratonga hangarau me te tautoko mō te neke atu i te 7.7 miriona tana o te Innovene™ PE me te 3.3 miriona tana o ngā tipu Innovene™ PP.
6. Ngā Matū Mitsui
I whakatūria i te tau 1997, ko Mitsui Chemical te tuarua o ngā kamupene matū whakauru nui rawa atu i Hapani i muri i te Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, ā, ko tētahi o ngā kaihanga matua o te ao mō ngā hua phenol, isopropyl alcohol, polyethylene me te polypropylene, kei Tōkyō, Hapani tōna tari matua.
He kaihanga matū a Mitsui Chemical, he rauemi motuhake, me ngā hua e pā ana. E toru ngā wāhanga pakihi e wehea ana i tēnei wā: Ngā Rauemi Mahi, Ngā Matū Matatau, me Ngā Matū Taketake. Ko tana pakihi whakakorikori he wāhanga o te Tari Matua Pakihi Matū Matatau; kei roto i ngā whakakorikori ko te whakakorikori olefin polymerization, te whakakorikori ngota, te whakakorikori heterogeneous, te whakakorikori alkyl anthraquinone me ētahi atu.
7, Kamupene Hanga Whakapūtanga Whakapūtanga Hurihuri Ao JGC C&C
I whakatūria a Nichiwa Catalyst & Chemicals Corporation, e mōhiotia ana ko Nichiwa Catalyst & Chemicals Corporation, i te 1 o Hūrae, 2008, mā te whakakotahi i te pakihi me ngā rauemi o ngā apiti e rua o Japan Nichiwa Corporation (JGC CORP, whakarāpopototanga Hainamana mō NIChiwa), Japan Catalyst Chemical Corporation (CCIC) me Nick Chemical Co., LTD. (NCC). Kei Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan tōna tari matua.
I whakatūria te CCIC i te 21 o Hūrae, 1958, ā, ko tōna tari matua kei Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Ko te nuinga o ā rātou mahi he hanga i ngā whakakorikori, me ngā whakakorikori hinu hei pokapū, ko ngā hua ko ngā whakakorikori FCC, ngā whakakorikori hydrotreating, ngā whakakorikori denitrification (DeNox) me ngā hua matū pai (ngā rauemi mata whakapaipai, ngā rauemi whatu, ngā rauemi karaihe wai me ngā momo whakaaturanga, ngā rauemi semiconductor, me ētahi atu). I whakatūria te NCC i te 18 o Ākuhata, 1952, me tōna tari matua kei Niigata City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Ko te whanaketanga matua, te hanga me te hoko i ngā whakakorikori matū, ko ngā hua ko te whakakorikori hauwai, te whakakorikori dehydrogenation, te whakakorikori alkali totoka, ngā adsorbents purenga hau, me ētahi atu. Ngā rauemi cathode me ngā whakakorikori purenga taiao mō ngā pākahiko ka taea te whakahou.
E ai ki ngā hua, e toru ngā wāhanga o te kamupene: te whakakorikori, ngā matū pai, me te taiao/pūngao hou. Ka whakaputa, ka hoko hoki te kamupene i ngā whakakorikori tae atu ki ngā whakakorikori mō te whakamahine hinu, ngā whakakorikori mō te tukatuka matū hinu, me ngā whakakorikori mō te tiaki taiao.
Ko ngā whakakōkī o te whare whakapūkara he whakakōkī FCC me ngā whakakōkī tukanga hauwai, ko ēnei whakakōkī kei roto ko te whakakōkī hydrofining, te hydrotreating me te hydrocracking; ko ngā whakakōkī matū kei roto ko te whakakōkī petrochemical, te whakakōkī hydrogenation, te whakakōkī syngas conversion, te kawe whakakōkī me te zeolite; ko ngā whakakōkī mō te tiaki taiao ko: ngā hua e pā ana ki te taiao, ngā whakakōkī denitrification hau paru, ngā whakakōkī waikura me ngā rauemi mō te maimoatanga hauā waka, ngā rauemi tango haunga/paturopi, ngā whakakōkī adsorption/pira VOC, me ētahi atu.
E 80% te wāhanga mākete o te whakakorikori denitration a te kamupene i Ūropi, ā, e 70% te wāhanga mākete i te Hononga o Amerika, ā, neke atu i te 60% o ngā whakakorikori denitration o ngā tipu hiko o te ao e whakamahia ana.
8. SINOPEC Catalyst Co., LTD
Ko Sinopec Catalyst Co., LTD., he apiti katoa nō Sinopec Corporation, ko ia te tinana matua e kawenga ana mō te whakaputa, te hoko me te whakahaere i te pakihi whakakorikori a Sinopec, e kawenga ana mō te haumi me te whakahaere i te pakihi whakakorikori a Sinopec, ā, e whakahaere ana i te whakahaere ngaio o ngā umanga whakaputa whakakorikori a te kamupene.
Ko Sinopec Catalyst Co., Ltd. tētahi o ngā kaihanga, kaiwhakarato me ngā kaiwhakarato ratonga nui rawa atu o te ao mō te whakamahine me te whakakorikori matū. Mā te whakawhirinaki ki te kaha o te rangahau ā-rohe o te Institute of Petrochemical Science me te Fushun Petrochemical Research Institute, kei te whakawhānui tonu te kamupene i te mākete whakakorikori ā-rohe me te ao whānui. Kei roto i ngā hua whakakorikori ko te whakakorikori hinu, te whakakorikori polyolefin, te whakakorikori rauemi mata waro taketake, te whakakorikori matū waro, te whakakorikori tiaki taiao, ētahi atu whakakorikori me ētahi atu wāhanga e 6. I te whakatutuki i te hiahia o te mākete ā-rohe, ka kaweakehia hoki ngā hua ki Ūropi, Amerika, Āhia, Awherika me ētahi atu mākete o te ao.
Ko te nuinga o te wā, e ono ngā kawanatanga me ngā tāone nui o te ao e horahia ana te turanga whakaputa, tae atu ki a Beijing, Shanghai, Hunan, Shandong, Liaoning me Jiangsu, ā, e toru ngā mara whakakorikori e kapi ana i ngā hua: te whakamahine hinu, te ahumahi matū me ngā rauemi mata taketake. E waru ngā wāhanga katoa e puritia ana e te katoa, e rua ngā wāhanga pupuri, kotahi te wāhanga whakahaere e whakawhirinakihia ana, e whā ngā pokapū hoko me ngā ratonga ā-rohe, me ētahi tari māngai ki tāwāhi e whā.
Wā tuku: 17 o Ākuhata-2023
