I te mea kei te piki haere tonu te kaha o te whakamahine o te ao, kei te kaha haere ngā paerewa hua hinu, me te piki haere tonu o te hiahia mō ngā rauemi mata matū, kei te piki haere tonu te whakamahinga o ngā whakakorikori whakamahine. I roto i ēnei, ko te tipu tere rawa atu kei roto i ngā ōhanga hou me ngā whenua whakawhanake.
Nā te rerekētanga o ngā rauemi mata, ngā hua me ngā hanganga taputapu o ia whare whakarewa, mā te whakamahi i ngā whakakōkī kua arotahi ake ki te tiki i te hua, i ngā rauemi mata matū rānei e tika ana, mā te whiriwhiri i ngā whakakōkī he pai ake te urutau, te whiriwhiri rānei, ka taea te whakaoti i ngā raruraru matua o ngā whare whakarewa me ngā taputapu rerekē.
I ngā tau tata nei, i Āhia me te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, i Āwherika me te Rawhiti o Waenganui, ko te nui o te whakamahinga me te tere tipu o ngā whakakorikori katoa, tae atu ki te whakamahine, te whakapūhui, te hanga matū, me ētahi atu, he teitei ake i ērā o ngā rohe whakawhanake i Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika.
Ā tōna wā, ko te whānui haere o te hauwaitanga penehīni te mea nui rawa atu, ā, whai muri ko te hauwaitanga waenga-whakarewa, te FCC, te isomerization, te hydrocracking, te hauwaitanga naphtha, te hauwaitanga hinu taumaha (hinu toenga), te alkylation (superposition), te reforming, me ētahi atu, ā, ka piki ake anō hoki te hiahia mō ngā whakakorikori e rite ana.
Heoi, nā te rerekētanga o ngā huringa whakamahinga o ngā momo whakakorikori hinu, kāore e taea te whakanui ake i te nui o ngā whakakorikori hinu ina whānui haere te kaha. E ai ki ngā tatauranga hoko mākete, ko te nuinga o ngā hoko ko ngā whakakorikori hauwai (hydrotreating me te hydrocracking, e 46% o te katoa), ā, whai muri ko ngā whakakorikori FCC (40%), ā, whai muri ko ngā whakakorikori whakahou (8%), ngā whakakorikori alkylation (5%) me ētahi atu (1%).
Anei ngā āhuatanga matua o ngā whakakorikori mai i ētahi kamupene rongonui o te ao:
10 ngā kamupene whakakorikori rongonui o te ao
1. Grace Davison, USA
I whakatūria a Grace Corporation i te tau 1854, ā, kei Columbia, Maryland tōna tari matua. Ko Grace Davidson te kaiārahi o te ao i roto i te rangahau me te whakaputa i ngā whakakorikori FCC, ā, ko ia te kaiwhakarato nui rawa atu o te ao mō ngā whakakorikori FCC me te hauwai.
E rua ngā wāhanga whakahaere pakihi o te kamupene, ko Grace Davison me Grace Specialty Chemicals, ā, e waru ngā wāhanga hua. Kei roto i te pakihi a Grace Davidson ngā whakakorikori FCC, ngā whakakorikori hydrotreating, ngā whakakorikori motuhake tae atu ki ngā whakakorikori polyolefin me ngā kaikawe whakakorikori, me ngā rauemi hangarau e ahu mai ana i te silicon, i te silical-aluminium rānei mō ngā paninga pāpāho mamati i runga i ngā pepa tā ahumahi, kaihoko, me te waituhi jet. Ko te pakihi whakakorikori hydrotreating e whakahaerehia ana e ART, he kamupene mahi tahi.
2, Albemarle American specialty chemicals (ALbemarle) Group
I te tau 1887, i whakatūria te Kamupene Pepa Arbel i Richmond, Virginia.
I te tau 2004, i riro mai te pakihi whakakorikori hinu Akzo-Nobel, ā, i uru mana ki te ao o ngā whakakorikori hinu, ā, i whakatūria te wāhanga pakihi whakakorikori me ngā whakakorikori polyolefin; ka noho ko ia te tuarua o ngā kaihanga whakakorikori FCC nui rawa atu i te ao.
I tēnei wā, neke atu i te 20 ngā whare whakaputa i Amerika Te Raki, i Ūropi, i te Waenganui Rawhiti, i Amerika Te Tonga, i Hapani me Haina.
E waru ngā pokapū R&D a Arpels i roto i ngā whenua e rima, me ngā tari hokohoko i roto i ngā whenua neke atu i te 40. Koia te kaihanga nui rawa atu o te ao o ngā aukati mura brominated, e kapi ana i te whakamahinga o ia rā, ngā hikohiko, ngā rongoā, ngā hua ahuwhenua, te ahumahi motuka, te hanga me ngā rauemi tākai.
Ko te pakihi matua ko ngā tāpiringa polymer, ngā whakakorikori me te matū pai e toru ngā wāhanga.
E whā ngā momo matua o ngā tāpiringa pūmua: ngā mea ārai mura, ngā mea ārai mate, ngā mea whakaora me ngā mea whakaū;
E toru ngā wāhanga o te pakihi whakakorikori: te whakakorikori whakamahine, te whakakorikori polyolefin, te whakakorikori matū;
Te hanganga o te Pakihi Matū Pai: ngā matū mahi (peita, alumina), ngā matū pai (ngā matū bromine, ngā matū mara hinu) me ngā takawaenga (rongoā, ngā patupatu pepeke).
I roto i ngā wāhanga pakihi e toru o te kamupene Alpels, ko te moni whiwhi ā-tau mō ngā tāpiringa polymer te mea nui rawa i mua, ā, whai muri ko ngā whakakorikori, ā, ko te moni whiwhi ā-tau mō ngā matū pai te mea iti rawa, engari i ngā tau e rua kua pahure ake nei, kua piki haere te moni whiwhi ā-tau mō te pakihi whakakorikori, ā, mai i te tau 2008, kua hipa ake i te pakihi tāpiringa polymer.
Ko te pakihi whakakorikori te wāhanga pakihi matua o Arpell. Ko Arpels te tuarua o ngā kaiwhakarato whakakorikori hydrotreating nui rawa atu o te ao (30% o te wahanga mākete o te ao) me tētahi o ngā kaiwhakarato whakakorikori catalytic cracking matua e toru o te ao.
3. Ngā Matū o Dow
He kamupene matū kanorau a Dow Chemical kei Michigan, USA, i whakatūria i te tau 1897 e Herbert Henry Dow. E 214 ngā turanga whakaputa e whakahaerehia ana i roto i te 37 whenua, me te neke atu i te 5,000 ngā momo hua, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te neke atu i te 10 ngā mara pēnei i ngā motuka, ngā rauemi hanga, te hiko, me te rongoā. I te tau 2009, i tū a Dow ki te 127 i runga i te Fortune Global 500 me te 34 i runga i te Fortune National 500. Mō ngā rawa katoa, koia te tuarua o ngā kamupene matū nui rawa atu o te ao, tuarua ki a DuPont Chemical o te United States anake; Mō ngā moni whiwhi ā-tau, koia hoki te tuarua o ngā kamupene matū nui rawa atu o te ao, whai muri i te BASF o Tiamana; Neke atu i te 46,000 ngā kaimahi puta noa i te ao; E 7 ngā wāhanga pakihi e wehea ana e te momo hua: Ngā Kirihou Mahi, Ngā Matū Mahi, Ngā Pūtaiao Ahuwhenua, Ngā Kirihou, Ngā Matū Taketake, Ngā Warowaihā me te Pūngao, Te Pūtea Whakangao. Ko te pakihi Catalysts he wāhanga o te wāhanga Matū Mahi.
Ko ngā whakakōkī a Dow ko: te whakakōkī hanga waro NORMAX™; te whakakōkī METEOR™ mō te ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol; ngā whakakōkī polypropylene SHAC™ me SHAC™ ADT; te whakakōkī bisphenol A DOWEX™ QCAT™; Koia te kaihanga matua o te ao mō ngā whakakōkī polypropylene.
4. ExxonMobil
Ko Exxonmobil te kamupene hinu nui rawa atu o te ao, kei Texas, USA tōna tari matua. Ko te kamupene, i mua ko Exxon Corporation me Mobil Corporation, i whakakotahitia, ā, i whakaritea anō i te 30 o Noema, 1999. Ko te kamupene hoki te kamupene matua o ExxonMobil, Mobil me Esso puta noa i te ao.
I whakatūria i te tau 1882, ko Exxon te kamupene hinu nui rawa atu i te Hononga o Amerika, ā, ko tētahi o ngā kamupene hinu nui rawa atu me ngā kamupene tawhito rawa atu e whitu o te ao. I whakatūria i te tau 1882, ko Mobil Corporation he kamupene ao whānui e whakauru ana i te ahumahi torotoro me te whanaketanga, te whakamahine me te hinu matū.
Kei Houston te tari matua o Exxon me Mobil, kei Fairfax te tari matua o raro, ā, kei Irving, Texas te tari matua o ngā kamupene. E 70% o te kamupene kei a Exxon, ā, e 30% kei a Mobil. Kei a Exxon, mā roto i ōna hononga, e mahi ana i tēnei wā i roto i te 200 whenua me ngā rohe huri noa i te ao, ā, neke atu i te 80,000 ngā kaimahi.
Ko ngā hua matua a Exxonmobil ko te hinu me te hau, ngā hua hinu me ngā hua petrochemical, ko ia te kaihanga olefins monomer me te polyolefin nui rawa atu o te ao, tae atu ki te ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, polypropylene; Ko te pakihi whakakorikori kei a ExxonMobil Chemical. E whā ngā wāhanga pakihi e wehea ana a Exxonmobil Chemical: ngā polymers, ngā kiriata polymer, ngā hua matū me te hangarau, ā, kei roto i te wāhanga hangarau ngā whakakorikori.
Ko UNIVATION, he hononga tahi 50-50 i waenganui i a ExxonMobil me Dow Chemical Company, te rangatira mō te hangarau whakaputa polyethylene UNIPOL™ me ngā whakakorikori polyolefin waitohu UCAT™ me XCAT™.
5. Kamupene Hua Hinu o te Ao o UOP
I whakatūria i te tau 1914, ā, kei Desprine, Illinois te tari matua, ko Global Oil Products he kamupene ā-ao. I te 30 o Noema, 2005, ka noho a UOP hei apiti katoa nā Honeywell hei wāhanga o te pakihi rautaki Specialty Materials a Honeywell.
E waru ngā wāhanga mahi a UOP: te pūngao whakahou me ngā matū, ngā mea mimiti, ngā hua motuhake me ngā hua ritenga, te whakamahine hinu, ngā mea kakara me ngā mea taupatupatu, te alkyl benzene raina me ngā olefin matatau, ngā olefin māmā me ngā taputapu, te tukatuka hau māori, me ngā ratonga.
E whakarato ana a UOP i ngā ratonga hoahoa, hangarau, kōrero tohutohu, raihana me ngā ratonga, hangarau tukatuka me te hanga i ngā whakakorikori, ngā tātari ngota, ngā mea mimiti me ngā taputapu motuhake mō te whakamahine hinu, te tukatuka matū me te hau māori, me te 65 raihana hangarau e wātea ana.
Ko UOP te kaiwhakarato zeolite me te zeolite konumohe phosphate nui rawa atu o te ao, me te neke atu i te 150 ngā hua zeolite hei whakamaroke wai, hei tango i ngā paru iti, hei wehewehe hua hoki i te hau o te whare whakapai me ngā rauemi wai. Ko te kaha whakaputa ā-tau o te tātari ngota e eke ana ki te 70,000 tana. I roto i te mara o ngā adsorbents tātari ngota, e 70% o te hea mākete o te ao kei a UOP.
Ko UOP anō hoki te kaihanga alumina nui rawa atu o te ao, me āna hua tae atu ki te pseudo-alumina, te beta-alumina, te gamma-alumina me te α-alumina, e whakarato ana i te alumina whakahohe me ngā kaikawe porowhita konumohe/kirika-konumohe.
Neke atu i te 9,000 ngā patene a UOP puta noa i te ao, ā, tata ki te 4,000 ngā taputapu kua hangaia e ia mā te whakamahi i ana patene i roto i te neke atu i te 80 whenua. E ono tekau ōrau o te penehīni o te ao e hangaia ana mā te whakamahi i te hangarau UOP. Tata ki te haurua o ngā hopi horoi pirau o te ao e hangaia ana mā te whakamahi i te hangarau UOP. O ngā tukanga whakamahine nui e 36 e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga hinu i tēnei wā, e 31 i whakawhanakehia e UOP. I tēnei wā, e hanga ana a UOP i te 100 ngā hua whakakorikori me te adsorbent rerekē mō āna hangarau raihana me ētahi atu kamupene, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mara whakamahine pēnei i te whakahou, te isomerization, te hydrocracking, te hydrofining me te oxidative desulphurization, tae atu ki ngā mara petrochemical tae atu ki te hanga o ngā kakara (benzene, toluene me te xylene), propylene, butene, ethylbenzene, styrene, isopropylbenzene me te cyclohexane.
Ko ngā whakakōkī matua o te UOP ko: te whakakōkī whakahou whakakōkī, te whakakōkī whakakōkī whakakorikori C4, te whakakōkī whakakokī whakakorikori C5 me te C6, te whakakōkī whakakokī whakakorikori xylene, e rua ngā momo whakakōkī pakaru wai, arā, te pakaru wai me te pakaru wai ngawari, te whakakōkī maimoatanga wai, te kaihoko whakakorenga pūngāwerewere hinu, te whakaora whanariki, te hurihanga hau hiku me ētahi atu momo mimiti hinu.
6, ART kamupene hangarau whakamahine matatau o Amerika
I whakatūria a Advanced Refining Technologies i te tau 2001 hei hononga tahi 50-50 i waenganui i a Chevron Oil Products me Grace-Davidson. I whakatūria a ART hei whakauru i ngā kaha hangarau o Grace me Chevron ki te whakawhanake me te hoko i ngā whakakorikori hauwai ki te umanga whakakorikori o te ao, ā, koia te kaihanga whakakorikori hauwai nui rawa atu o te ao, e tuku ana i te neke atu i te 50% o ngā whakakorikori hauwai o te ao.
Ka hono a ART i ana hua me ana ratonga mā roto i ngā tari hokohoko me ngā tari o Grace Corporation me Chevron Corporation puta noa i te ao.
E whā ngā whare hanga matū whakakorikori a ART, ā, kotahi te pokapū rangahau matū whakakorikori. Ka hangaia e ART ngā matū whakakorikori mō te hydrocracking, te hydrocracking ngawari, te isomerization dewaxing, te isomerization reforming me te hydrofining.
Ko ngā whakakorikori matua ko te Isocracking® mō te isomerization, te Isofinishing® mō te isomerization, te hydrocracking, te hydrocracking ngawari, te hydrofining, te hydrotreating, me te hydrotreating toenga.
7. Univation Inc
I whakatūria a Univation i te tau 1997, ā, kei Houston, Texas tōna tari matua, he hononga tahi 50:50 i waenganui i a ExxonMobil Chemical Company me Dow Chemical Company.
He tohunga a Univation ki te whakawhiti i te hangarau polyethylene me ngā whakakorikori UNIPOL™, ā, ko ia te kaiwhakarato raihana hangarau matua o te ao me te kaiwhakarato whakakorikori o te ao mō te umanga polyethylene. Ko ia te tuarua o ngā kaihanga me te kaiwhakarato whakakorikori polyethylene nui rawa atu o te ao, e 30% o te mākete o te ao. Ka hangaia ngā whakakorikori a te kamupene i ōna whare Mont Belvieu, Seadrift me Freeport i Texas.
Ko te tukanga hanga polyethylene a Univation, e mōhiotia nei ko UNIPOL™, he nui atu i te 100 ngā raina hanga polyethylene e whakahaerehia ana, e hangaia ana rānei mā te whakamahi i te UNIPOL™ i roto i te 25 whenua, neke atu i te 25% o te katoa o te ao.
Ko ngā whakakōkī matua ko: 1) te whakakōkī chromium UCAT™ me te whakakōkī Ziegler-Natta; 2) te whakakōkī metallocene XCAT™, ingoa hokohoko EXXPOL; 3) te whakakōkī Bimodal PRODIGY™; 4) te whakakōkī deaeration UT™.
8. BASF
Kei Munich, Tiamana te tari matua o BASF, ā, neke atu i te 8,000 ngā hua e whakaputaina ana, tae atu ki ngā matū tāpiri-uara nui, ngā kirihou, ngā tae, ngā paninga motuka, ngā kaihoko tiaki tipu, ngā rongoā, ngā matū pai, te hinu me te hau.
Ko Basf te kaihanga nui rawa atu o te ao o te maleic anhydride, te waikawa acrylic, te aniline, te caprolactam me te pahuka styrene. Ko te polypropylene, te polystyrene, te waipiro hydroxyl me ētahi atu hua kei te tuarua o te ao; ko te kaha whakaputa ethylbenzene, styrene kei te tuatoru o te ao. Ko Basf tētahi o ngā kaiwhakarato nui rawa atu o te ao o ngā tāpiringa whāngai, tae atu ki ngā mono-vitamins, multivitamins, carotenoids, lysines, enzymes me ngā mea tiaki whāngai.
E ono ngā wāhanga pakihi motuhake a Basf: Ngā Matū, Ngā Kirihou, Ngā Otinga Mahi, Ngā Hua Mahi, Ngā Matū Ahuwhenua me te Hinu me te Hau.
Ko Basf anake te kamupene o te ao e kapi ana i te pakihi whakakōkī katoa, me te neke atu i te 200 ngā momo whakakōkī. Kei roto i ēnei ko: te whakakōkī hinu (whakakōkī FCC), te whakakōkī motuka, te whakakōkī matū (whakakōkī parahi chromium me te whakakōkī ruthenium, me ētahi atu), te whakakōkī tiaki taiao, te whakakōkī whakakorenga waikura me te whakakōkī purenga whakakorenga waikura.
Ko Basf te tuarua o ngā kaihanga nui rawa atu o te ao mō ngā whakakorikori FCC, me te tata ki te 12% o te wahanga mākete o te ao mō ngā whakakorikori whakamahine.
9. Kamupene Hinu o Peretānia BP
Ko BP tētahi o ngā kamupene hinu nui rawa atu o te ao e whakauru ana i ngā mahi whakarunga me ngā mahi whakararo, kei Rānana, UK tōna tari matua; e kapi ana te pakihi a te kamupene i ngā whenua me ngā rohe neke atu i te 100, tae atu ki te tūhuratanga me te whakaputa hinu me te hau, te whakamahine me te hokohoko, te pūngao whakahou e toru ngā wāhanga matua; E toru ngā wāhanga pakihi a BP: Te tūhuratanga me te whakaputa hinu me te hau, te whakamahine me te hokohoko, me ētahi atu pakihi (pūngao whakahou me te moana). Ko te pakihi whakakorikori a BP he wāhanga o te Wehenga Whakapai me te Hokohoko.
E rua ngā wāhanga o ngā hua matū hinu, ko te wāhanga tuatahi ko ngā hua raupapa waikawa kakara me te waikawa acetic, ko te nuinga kei roto ko te PTA, PX me te waikawa acetic; ko te wāhanga tuarua ko ngā olefin me ō rātou hua, ko te nuinga kei roto ko te ethylene, propylene me ngā hua hua o muri mai. Ko te PTA a BP (te rauemi mata matua mō te hanga polyester), PX (te rauemi mata matua mō te hanga PTA) me te kaha whakaputa waikawa acetic te tuatahi o te ao. Kua whakawhanakehia e BP he hangarau motuhake mō te hanga PX i runga i tana ake whakakorikori isomerization motuhake me te hangarau tioata whai hua. He hangarau patene matua a BP mō te hanga waikawa acetic Cativa®.
Kei Haina me Mareia te nuinga o te wā e mahi ana te pakihi olefin me ngā mea whakawhiti a BP.
10, Kamupene Matū o te Tonga o Sud-Chemie Tiamana
I whakatūria te Southern Chemical Company i te tau 1857, he kamupene matū motuhake ao auaha rawa atu kua whakarārangihia, neke atu i te 150 tau te hītori, kei Munich, Tiamana tōna tari matua.
E 77 ngā kamupene āpiti a Nanfang Chemical Company, tae atu ki te 5 ngā kamupene ā-rohe i Tiamana, 72 ngā kamupene o tāwāhi, e rua ngā wāhanga o te adsorbent me te whakakorikori, ā, ko ngā ahumahi matū hinu, tukatuka kai, taonga kaihoko, whakarewanga, maimoatanga wai, tiaki taiao me ētahi atu ahumahi hei whakarato i ngā hua me ngā otinga whakakorikori, adsorbent me te tāpiritanga mahi-teitei.
Kei te Wāhanga Whakakōkī te pakihi whakakōkī o te Kamupene Matū Nanfang. Kei roto i te wāhanga ko te Hangarau Whakakōkī, te Pūngao me te Taiao.
E whā ngā rōpū pakihi o te ao e wehea ana te wāhanga Hangarau Catalyst: ngā whakakōkī tauhohenga matū, ngā whakakōkī hinu-matū, ngā whakakōkī whakamahine hinu me ngā whakakōkī polymerization.
Ko ngā momo whakakorikori o Nanfang Chemical ko: te whakakorikori purenga rauemi mata, te whakakorikori petrowhakakōkī matū, whakakōkī matū, whakakōkī hinu, whakakōkī polymerization olefin, whakakōkī purenga hau, whakakōkī pūtau wahie.
Kia mōhio: I tēnei wā, kua riro mai i a Clariant te Southern Chemical Company (SUD-Chemie)!
Wā tuku: 17 o Ākuhata-2023
