He rauemi te tātari ngota he pūwero (he kōhao tino iti) he rite te rahi. He rite te rahi o ēnei pūwero ki ngā ngota iti, nō reira, kāore e taea e ngā ngota nui te tomo, te mimiti rānei, engari ka taea e ngā ngota iti. I te mea ka heke te ranunga o ngā ngota mā roto i te moenga tūmau o te matū pūwero, he āhua totoka e kiia nei ko te tātari (he matrix rānei), ka wehe tuatahi ngā wāhanga o te taumaha ngota teitei (kāore e taea te uru ki roto i ngā pūwero ngota) i te moenga, ā, ka whai ake ko ngā ngota iti ake. Ka whakamahia ētahi tātari ngota i roto i te chromatography tango-rahi, he tikanga wehewehe e whakarōpū ana i ngā ngota i runga i tō rātou rahi. Ka whakamahia ētahi atu tātari ngota hei whakamaroke (ko ētahi tauira ko te waro whakahohe me te silica gel).
Ko te whānui o ngā pore o te tātari ngota ka inehia i roto i ngā ångströms (Å) me ngā nanometer (nm). E ai ki te tuhipoka IUPAC, ko ngā whānui o ngā pore o ngā rauemi moroiti he iti iho i te 2 nm (20 Å) ā, ko ngā whānui o ngā pore o ngā rauemi moroiti he nui ake i te 50 nm (500 Å); nō reira, ko te kāwai mesoporous kei waenganui me ngā whānui o ngā pore i waenga i te 2 me te 50 nm (20–500 Å).
Ngā Rauemi
Ka taea e ngā tātari ngota te hanga i ngā rauemi moroiti, mesoporous, macroporous rānei.
Rauemi moroiti (
●Ngā Zeolite (ngā kohuke aluminosilicate, kaua e whakapoauau ki te silicate konumohe)
●Teitei o te Zeolite LTA: 3–4 Å
●Karāhe pūwero: 10 Å (1 nm), me te ake
●Waro hohe: 0–20 Å (0–2 nm), me te ake
●Ngā uku
●Ngā ranunga Montmorillonite
●Halloysite (endellite): E rua ngā āhua noa e kitea ana, ina whakamakukuhia te uku, he 1 nm te tawhiti o ngā paparanga, ā, ina whakamakukuhia (meta-halloysite) he 0.7 nm te tawhiti. Ka puta noa te halloysite hei porotaka iti, ko te whānui he 30 nm te toharite, ā, ko te roa kei waenganui i te 0.5 me te 10 micrometers.
Rauemi mesoporous (2–50 nm)
Te hauhāora hiko (e whakamahia ana hei hanga i te kiripaka): 24 Å (2.4 nm)
Rauemi macroporous (>50 nm)
Te silica macroporous, 200–1000 Å (20–100 nm)
Ngā tono
He maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā tātari ngota i roto i te umanga hinu, inā koa mō te whakamaroke i ngā awa hau. Hei tauira, i roto i te umanga hau maori wai (LNG), me whakaiti te nui o te wai o te hau ki raro iho i te 1 ppmv hei ārai i ngā aukati i puta mai i te hukapapa, i te methane clathrate rānei.
I roto i te taiwhanga, ka whakamahia ngā tātari ngota hei whakamaroke i te whakarewa. Kua whakamātauhia te pai ake o ngā "Tae" i ngā tikanga whakamaroke tuku iho, e whakamahi ana i ngā whakamaroke kaha.
I raro i te kupu zeolite, e whakamahia ana ngā tātari ngota mō te whānuitanga o ngā tono whakatere. Ka whakaterehia e rātou te isomerisation, te alkylation, me te epoxidation, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tukanga ahumahi nui, tae atu ki te hydrocracking me te fluid catalytic cracking.
Ka whakamahia hoki ēnei hei tātari i ngā putunga hau mō ngā taputapu manawa, hei tauira, ko ērā e whakamahia ana e ngā kairuku wai me ngā kaipatu ahi. I roto i ēnei mahi, ka tukuna te hau e te pūwero hau, ā, ka tukuna mā roto i te tātari kātere, e whakakīia ana ki te tātari ngota ngota me/ranei te waro whakahohe, ā, ka whakamahia hei utu i ngā tāke hau manawa. Ka taea e tēnei tātari te tango i ngā matūriki me ngā hua putanga pūwero mai i te putunga hau manawa.
Whakaaetia e te FDA.
I te 1 o Paenga-whāwhā, 2012, kua whakaaetia e te US FDA te konutai aluminosilicate mō te whakapā tika ki ngā taonga pau i raro i te 21 CFR 182.2727. I mua i tēnei whakaaetanga, i whakamahia e te Kotahitanga o Ūropi ngā tātari ngota me ngā rongoā, ā, i whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau motuhake ka tutuki i ngā tātari ngota ngā whakaritenga katoa a te kāwanatanga, engari kāore te umanga i pai ki te utu i ngā whakamātautau utu nui e hiahiatia ana mō te whakaaetanga a te kāwanatanga.
Whakahoutanga
Ko ngā tikanga mō te whakaora i ngā tātari ngota ko te whakarerekētanga pēhanga (pērā i ngā pūwero hāora), te whakamahana me te tango i te wai mā te whakamahi i te hau kawe (pērā i te wā e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakamaroketanga etanoru), te whakamahana rānei i raro i te korehau teitei. Ko ngā pāmahana whakaora kei waenga i te 175 °C (350 °F) ki te 315 °C (600 °F) i runga i te momo tātari ngota. He rerekē, ka taea te whakaora i te tiēre silica mā te whakamahana i roto i te oumu noa ki te 120 °C (250 °F) mō ngā haora e rua. Heoi, ka "pahū" ētahi momo tiēre silica ina nui te wai. Ka puta tēnei i te pakaru o ngā porowhita silica ina pā ki te wai.
| Tauira | Te whānui o ngā pore (Ångström) | Te mātotorutanga papatipu (g/ml) | Wai mimiti (% w/w) | Te mimiti, te pakū rānei, W(% w/w) | Whakamahinga |
| 3Å | 3 | 0.60–0.68 | 19–20 | 0.3–0.6 | Te maroketangaopakaru hinute hau me ngā alkene, te mimiti whiriwhiri o te H2O i rotokarāhe whakamahana (IG)me te polyurethane, te whakamaroke owahie etanorumō te whakaranu ki te penehīni. |
| 4Å | 4 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.6 | Te mimiti o te wai i rotokonutai aluminosilicatekua whakaaetia e te FDA (tirohiai raro) e whakamahia ana hei tātari ngota i roto i ngā ipu hauora hei pupuri i ngā mea kia maroke, kia rite hoki kitāpiri kaiwhaiTau-EE-554 (kaihoko ārai-whakakoi); He pai mō te whakamaroketanga pūmau i roto i ngā pūnaha wai, hau rānei kua kati, hei tauira, i roto i te takai o ngā rongoā, ngā wāhanga hiko me ngā matū pirau; te tango wai i roto i ngā pūnaha tā me te kirihou me te whakamaroke i ngā awa warowaihā kua mākū. Ko ngā momo kua mimitihia ko te SO2, te CO2, te H2S, te C2H4, te C2H6, me te C3H6. E kiia ana he kaihoko whakamaroke whānui i roto i ngā pāpāho polar me te kore-polar;[12]te wehenga ohau māorimengā alkene, te mimiti o te wai i roto i ngā wāhi kāore e aro ki te hauotapolyurethane |
| 5Å-DW | 5 | 0.45–0.50 | 21–22 | 0.3–0.6 | Te tango hinu me te whakaheke i te ira ringihia orererangi hinumetīhiera, me te wehenga o ngā alkene |
| 5Å iti kua whakanuia ki te hāora | 5 | 0.4–0.8 | ≥23 | He mea hanga motuhake mō te whakaputa hāora hauora, hauora rāneie hiahiatia ana te tohutoro] | |
| 5Å | 5 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.5 | Te whakamaroke me te purenga o te hau;matewaimete whakakorenga whanarikio te hau māori mehau hinu wai;hāoramehauwaite whakaputanga emimiti pēhangatukanga |
| 10X | 8 | 0.50–0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.6 | Te mimiti tino whai hua, e whakamahia ana mō te whakamaroke, te tango i te warowaihā, te tango i te whanariki o te hau me ngā wai me te wehenga ohauwai kakara |
| 13X | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Te whakamaroke, te tango whanariki me te purenga o te hau hinu me te hau māori |
| 13X-AS | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Te tango warowaihāme te whakamaroke i roto i te umanga wehenga hau, te wehenga o te hauota mai i te hāora i roto i ngā pūhui whakaemi hāora |
| Cu-13X | 10 | 0.50–0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Te whakareka(te tango ingā thiol) owahie rererangime ngā mea e rite anangā warowaihā wai |
Ngā āheinga mimiti
3Å
Tātai matū tata: ((K2O)2⁄3 (Na2O)1⁄3) • Al2O3• 2 SiO2 • 9/2 H2O
Ōwehenga silica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2
Te whakaputanga
Ka hangaia ngā tātari ngota ngota 3A mā te whakawhiti kationi opāhare pākawamōkonutaii roto i ngā tātari ngota 4A (Tirohia i raro)
Whakamahinga
Kāore ngā tātari ngota ngota 3Å e mimiti i ngā ngota he nui ake i te 3Å te whānui. Ko ngā āhuatanga o ēnei tātari ngota ngota ko te tere mimiti, te kaha whakahou auau, te ātete pai ki te kuru me tete ātete ki te parahangaKa taea e ēnei āhuatanga te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te roanga o te wā e whakamahia ana te tātari. Ko ngā tātari ngota ngota 3Å te mea whakamaroke e tika ana i roto i ngā ahumahi hinu me te matū mō te whakamahine i te hinu, te whakapūhui, me te whakamaroke hohonu i waenga i te hau me te wai matū.
E whakamahia ana ngā tātari ngota ngota 3Å hei whakamaroke i ngā momo rauemi, pērā ietanoru, hau,ngā pouaka whakamātao,hau māorimengā warowaihā kore-mākū. Kei roto i ēnei ko te hau pakaru,ātiretine,etirene,propylenemebutadiene.
Ka whakamahia te tātari ngota 3Å hei tango i te wai mai i te etanoru, ka taea te whakamahi tika hei wahie koiora, hei whakaputa rānei i ngā hua maha pērā i ngā matū, ngā kai, ngā rongoā, me ētahi atu. Nā te mea kāore e taea e te wai whakapūkara noa te tango i te wai katoa (he hua taha kāore e hiahiatia mai i te hanga etanoru) mai i ngā awa tukanga etanoru nā te hanganga o tētahiazeotropeI te 95.6 ōrau te kukū o te taumaha, ka whakamahia ngā pirepire tātari ngota hei wehe i te etanoru me te wai i te taumata ngota mā te mimiti i te wai ki roto i ngā pirepire, ā, ka tukuna te etanoru kia haere noa. Kia kī tonu ngā pirepire i te wai, ka taea te whakarerekē i te pāmahana, te pēhanga rānei, kia tukuna ai te wai mai i ngā pirepire tātari ngota.[15]
Ka rongoatia ngā tātari ngota ngota 3Å i te pāmahana rūma, me te haumākū whanaunga kaua e neke ake i te 90%. Ka hiritia i raro i te pēhanga iti, ka puritia kia matara atu i te wai, i ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore.
4Å
Tātai matū: Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2•9/2H2O
Te ōwehenga o te silicon-konumohe: 1:1 (SiO2/ Al2O3≈2)
Te whakaputanga
He tino māmā te hanga i te tātari 4Å nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia he pēhanga teitei, he pāmahana tino teitei rānei. Ko te tikanga he otinga wai okonutai silicatemekonutai aluminateka whakakotahihia ki te 80 °C. Ka "whakahohehia" te hua kua whakakiia ki te whakarewa mā te "tunu" i te 400 °C. Ko ngā tātari 4A te matū matua mō ngā tātari 3A me te 5A.whakawhiti kationiokonutaimōpāhare pākawa(mō te 3A) rāneikonupūmā(mō te 5A)
Whakamahinga
Ngā whakarewa whakamaroke
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā tātari ngota ngota 4Å hei whakamaroke i ngā whakarewa taiwhanga. Ka taea e rātou te mimiti i te wai me ētahi atu ngota ngota he iti iho i te 4Å te diameter matua pērā i te NH3, H2S, SO2, CO2, C2H5OH, C2H6, me te C2H4. He whānuitia te whakamahinga mō te whakamaroke, te whakamahine me te purenga o ngā wai me ngā hau (pērā i te whakarite i te argon).
Ngā tāpiringa māngai polyesterwhakatika]
Ka whakamahia ēnei tātari ngota hei āwhina i ngā hopi horoi nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakaputa wai kua tangohia ngā kohuke mā rotokonupūmāte whakawhiti katote, te tango me te aukati i te whakatakotoranga o te paru. He whānuitia te whakamahinga hei whakakapiwhākōkīHe mahi nui tā te tātari ngota ngota 4Å hei whakakapi i te konutai tripolyphosphate hei āwhina hopi horoi hei whakaiti i te pānga taiao o te hopi horoi. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi heihopikaihoko hanga me roto iparaihe niho.
Te tukatuka para kino
Ka taea e ngā tātari ngota ngota 4Å te horoi i te paru o ngā momo cationic pēnei i teamōniangā iona, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ me Cd2+. Nā te kaha whiriwhiri mō te NH4+ kua whakamahia angitu i te parae hei whawhaite whakamomona i te whenuame ētahi atu pānga ki ngā awa nā te nui rawa o ngā iona haukini. Kua whakamahia hoki ngā tātari ngota ngota 4Å hei tango i ngā iona konganuku taumaha kei roto i te wai nā ngā mahi ahumahi.
Ētahi atu kaupapa
Teumanga whakarewa: te kaiwehewehe, te wehenga, te tango i te pāhare pākawa wai tote,rupiuma,caesium, me ētahi atu
Te umanga hinu matū,whakakorikori,whakamaroke, mea mimiti
Ahuwhenua:whakangawari oneone
Rongoā: utaina hiriwazeolitekaihoko huakita.
5Å
Tātai matū: 0.7CaO•0.30Na2O•Al2O3•2.0SiO2 •4.5H2O
Ōwehenga silica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2
Te whakaputanga
Ka hangaia ngā tātari ngota 5A mā te whakawhiti kationi okonupūmāmōkonutaii roto i ngā tātari ngota 4A (Tirohia i runga ake nei)
Whakamahinga
Rima-ångström(5Å) he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā tātari ngota i roto i tehinuahumahi, inā koa mō te purenga o ngā awa hau me te taiwhanga matū mō te wehewehengā matūme ngā rauemi tīmatanga tauhohenga whakamaroke. He iti ngā pūwero o roto, he rite te rahi, ā, e whakamahia ana hei mimiti mō ngā hau me ngā wai.
E whakamahia ana ngā tātari ngota ngota e rima-ångström hei whakamarokehau māori, me te mahi whakaarite whakakorenga whanarikimete tango waroo te hau. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei wehe i ngā ranunga o te hāora, te hauota me te hauwai, me ngā warowaihā-n-wareware hinu-wareware mai i ngā warowaihā peka me ngā warowaihā polycyclic.
Ka rongoatia ngā tātari ngota ngota e rima-ångström i te pāmahana rūma, me tehaumākū whanaungaiti iho i te 90% i roto i ngā oko kātene, i ngā takai kātene rānei. Kaua ngā tātari ngota e tukuna tika ki te hau me te wai, me karo hoki i ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore.
Te āhua o ngā tātari ngota
He rerekē ngā āhua me ngā rahi o ngā tātari ngota. Engari he pai ake ngā porowhita porowhita i ētahi atu āhua nā te mea he iti ake te hekenga pēhanga, he ātete ki te mimiti nā te mea kāore he taha koi, ā, he kaha pai, arā, he nui ake te kaha kuru e hiahiatia ana mō ia wāhanga horahanga. He iti ake te kaha wera o ētahi tātari ngota porowhita, nō reira he iti ake te hiahia pūngao i te wā whakahou.
Ko tētahi atu painga o te whakamahi i ngā tātari ngota poroporo he nui ake te matotoru i ētahi atu āhua, nō reira, mō te hiahia mō te mimiti ōrite, he iti ake te rahinga e hiahiatia ana mō te tātari ngota. Nō reira, i te wā e tango ana i te aukati, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tātari ngota poroporo, te utaina he nui ake te mimiti i roto i te rahinga ōrite, me te karo i ngā whakarerekētanga o te oko.
Te wā tuku: Hurae-18-2023
